Economy

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The economy: concept and history
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An economy consists of the economic systems of a country or other area; the labor, capital and land resources; and the manufacturing, production, trade,distribution, and consumption of goods and services of that area.

A given economy is the result of a process that involves its technological evolution, history and social organization, as well as its geography, natural resourceendowment, and ecology, as main factors. These factors give context, content, and set the conditions and parameters in which an economy functions.

A market based economy may be described as a spatially limited social network where goods and services are freely produced and exchanged according todemand and supply between participants (economic agents) by barter or a medium of exchange with a credit or debit value accepted within the network. Capital and labor can move freely across places, industries and firms in search of higher profits, dividens, interests, and compensations and benefits. Rent on land allocates this generally fixed resource among competing users.

Contemporary Capitalism is a market economy in which most of the production capacity is owned and directed by the private sector. Government role is limited to provide for defense and internal security; administer justice and prisons; make laws and regulations; enforce contracts, laws and regulations; correct market imperfections and failures; ensure full employment without inflation; promote balance economic growth and development; provide for the poor, children, and elderly; protect and assist in emergencies and natural disasters; provide basic opportunities to all members of society; prevent future calamities and disasters; and, pursue national goals established by society at large such as protection of the environment and natural resources.

On the other hand, traditional socialism is a command-based economy in which markets and the free exchange of goods and services, as well as manufacturing, production, trade and distribution are replaced or done by government central planning and state owned enterprises. In this economy all private owners of capital (called capitalist) and of land (called landowners) are not allowed or banned; and the only permitted private ownership is of consumption goods. Capital and land are assigned by the state and movement of labor is severely restricted. There are no profits, dividends, interest or rent. Labor compensation and benefits are decided by central planners.

Finally, a mixed economy contains elements of both capitalism and socialism which means a market based economy with a varied degree of government central planning and state owned enterprises.

Contents   [hide]  1 Range 2 Etymology 3 History 3.1 Ancient times 3.2 Middle ages 3.3 Early modern times 3.4 The industrial revolution 3.5 After World War II 4 Economic phases of precedence 5 Economic measures 5.1 GDP 6 Informal economy 7 Largest economies by GDP in 2012 8 Economies with the largest contribution to global economic growth from 1996 to 2011 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading

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Posted in: Economy

Systemic corruption

Systemic corruption (or endemic corruption^[5]) is corruption which is primarily due to a weaknesses of an organisation or process. It can be contrasted with individual officials or agents who act corruptly within the system.

Factors which encourage systemic corruption include conflicting incentives, discretionary powers; monopolistic powers; lack of transparency; low pay; and a culture of impunity.^[6] Specific acts of corruption include "bribery, extortion, and embezzlement" in a system where "corruption becomes the rule rather than the exception."^[7] Scholars distinguish between centralized and decentralized systemic corruption, depending on which level of state or government corruption takes place; in countries such as the Post-Soviet states both types occur.^[8]

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Posted in: corruptor

Politics

Main article: Political corruption

A political cartoon from Harper's Weekly, January 26, 1878, depicting U.S. Secretary of the Interior Carl Schurz investigating theIndian Bureau at the U.S. Department of the Interior. The original caption for the cartoon is: "THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR INVESTIGATING THE INDIAN BUREAU. GIVE HIM HIS DUE, AND GIVE THEM THEIR DUES."

Political corruption is the abuse of public power, office, or resources by elected government officials for personal gain, e.g. by extortion, soliciting or offering bribes^[2] It can also take the form of office holders maintaining themselves in office by purchasing votes by enacting laws which use taxpayer money.^[3] Systemic corruption is the complete subversion of a political or economic system. Governmental corruption of judiciary is broadly known in many transitional and developing countries because the budget is almost completely controlled by the executive. The latter undermines the separation of powers, as it creates a critical financial dependence of the judiciary. The proper national wealth distribution including the government spending on the judiciary is subject of the constitutional economics. It is important to distinguish between the two methods of corruption of the judiciary: the government (through budget planning and various privileges), and the private.^[4]

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Posted in: Politic

The Untold Story of the People of Azad Kashmir

Azad Jammu and Kashmir (also known as “Free Kashmir”) is the southernmost political entity within the Pakistani-administered part of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. Christopher Snedden offers a rare history of the territory’s largely forgotten people and the conflict that continues to define their status within the nation. He contends that in October 1947, pro-Pakistan Muslims in southwestern Jammu and Kashmir initiated the Kashmir dispute, not Pashtun tribesmen invading from Pakistan, which is India’s official narrative. Later named Azad Kashmiris, these people, Snedden argues, are legitimate stakeholders in this conflict and have very much inherited its legacy.

Snedden critically reexamines Azad Kashmir’s administrative structures, economic and political systems, and subordinate relationship with Pakistan, particularly in the years following the Kashmir dispute. Azad Kashmiris believed their administration was the only legitimate government in the region, and they expected to rule Jammu and Kashmir after its reunification by the United Nations. However, contrary to expectations, Azad Kashmir effectively, if not legally, became a (dependent) part of Pakistan. Long disenchanted with Islamabad, some Azad Kashmiris now favor independence for Jammu and Kashmir and hope to prosper without help from their neighbors. In his conclusion, Snedden assesses different ways to resolve Azad Kashmir’s international status and the outstanding claims of the Kashmir dispute.

About the Author

Christopher Snedden is an Australian politico-strategic analyst, author, and academic specializing in South Asia. His consultancy, Asia Calling, works with governments, businesses, and universities. He frequently visits Jammu and Kashmir to conduct research and has interviewed many elder statesmen involved in the Kashmir dispute.

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Illegal migrants Threatened Difficult Death Penalty Be Saved

JAKARTA - The government acknowledges he can not save Labour Indonesia (TKI) are illegal under sentence of death.
 Minister of Manpower and Transmigration (minister) Muhaimin Iskandar said the government provides the best lawyers of the state placements to help these workers the legal process.
 Through the State as a consular representative and ambassador of the government also arranged for the death sentence shifted into a life sentence.
 Muhaimin added, although the government continues to assist undocumented workers who use and also illegal, but he admitted that the government is very difficult to free illegal migrants who were executed in order to get a reduced sentence. Because the position of workers who leave without a passport or visa had violated immigration so that the bargaining position of the government of Indonesia was low.
 "The handling of illegal workers is more difficult and complicated due to the time of entry into the country illegal migrants already breaking the law," he said in the socialization process of improving the provision and placement of workers abroad and the protection of citizens in the State.
 Based on the data, there are 37 citizens or workers who threatened the death penalty in Saudi Arabia. While there are 149 workers in Malaysia and in China there are 14 people who were waiting to die at the hands of the executioner. The number rose still grow in the presence of migrant workers in Singapore, a migrant worker in Iran and a migrant worker in Brunei who suffer the same fate. Despite government's pessimistic but Muhaimin stated, the unit officer (Task Force) workers will perform a variety of approaches to the royal government in the State or the placement in order to be compensated.
 "Like in Saudi Arabia to establish communication with the government task force and the King and the families of victims to defend. Thus, the sentence the convict workers can be shifted into at least a life sentence. Then there is the placement of bilateral cooperation with the State to form a blanket guarantee coverage for particular conditions of employment and decent wages for workers, "explained the minister.
 However, he said, the government helped with the ratification of the UN Convention on the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Their Families as a basis for the realization of upstream improvements placement and protection of migrant workers during the pre-placement, placement, and after placement.
 Establishment of Task Force workers through Presidential Decree No. 17 of 2011 also mandated to continue the provision of advocacy and legal assistance for the citizen / migrant workers under sentence of death as well as monitor the results.
 Task Force also works to develop standard procedures for handling cases of Representative of Indonesia to the citizens / workers under sentence of death, arrange the provision of process improvement recommendations, placement, and protection of citizens / migrant workers abroad and provide effective information to the public about the handling of citizens / workers is under sentence of death.

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Posted in: Local

Razia Liput Cafes, Journalist beaten Navy Person

PADANG - One and seven journalists had rushed to the hospital after being beaten by dozens of actors Lantamal II Navy Bayur Gulf, the city of Padang, West Sumatra, last evening.
Budi was the seventh journalist Sunandar (Sindo TV), Apriandi (Metro TV), Roni (Indosiar), Indra Khew (SCTV), Ridwan (Fotograper Padang Express), Julian (Trans 7), and Jamaldi (Favorite TV / Local TV) .
According to one victim, Apriandi, beatings occurred when they were together with municipal officials and legislators PP Padang cafe raided dim Baremas River area, District Lubuk Bedalung, the city of Padang.
They were stopped at least 20 persons Lantamal II Gulf Navy uniform and plainclothes Bayur. "They claim to prohibit Marines and we cover," said Apriandi in Padang, Tuesday (29/05/2012).
Was getting the news, reporters are still turning on the camera to record the events that occurred. Officers also seized a video camera and the gang's Budi Sunandar the journalists.
As a result, Budi had rushed to Dr M Djamil Padang, because his right ear to bleed.While the six other victims immediately reported the incident to the Navy POM Bayur Lantamal II Gulf.
Another witness, Asrizal, Padang legislators who participated in the raid to justify violence experienced by the crew of the media. "There's a camera rob, beat, and take the memory card from the camera," he said.
Meanwhile, Deputy Commander of the Gulf Bayur Lantamal II, Col. I Nyoman Wadan, said unscrupulous actions had nothing to do with duty marines. He promised to follow up the alleged acts of violence involving its members.
"The Marines were not in charge of keeping the cafe was dim, but we will process the case," he said.
Violence against journalists is often the case in the country. Recently, two television journalists in London also suffered the same fate while covering a demonstration of workers who do the SPSI and SPN convoy to the Office of the Parliament of the Road Padalarang KBB, Wednesday, March 28 last. Both were banned from covering the Cimahi Police officers Sabhara Dalmas.

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Posted in: Local

Actor Tim Chase shooting Germans in Papua

JAKARTA - Coordinating Minister for Political, Legal and Security Affairs, DjokoSuyanto, said that the current central security forces in pursuit of the perpetrators of the shooting of German citizens in Pondok Numbay Tourism Port, Coastal Base G,Jayapura, Papua, this afternoon.
 
"Info on the field, the current team of security officers were giving chase to the suspectsand vehicle identification is known," Djoko said in a text message to reporters, Tuesday(05/29/2012).
 
As reported earlier, at approximately 11:30 EST this afternoon, Dietmar Pieper and his wife Eva Medina, a resident of Spain, fired upon by unknown persons.
 
Dietmar was shot on his way to the cottage (Honay) after swimming with his wife.
 
"In the back perjalananan Honay, the victim and his wife were attacked OTK to victimsinjured in the thigh and the left ribs," said Direskrimsus Papua Police, CommissionerPol Wachyono, Tuesday (05/29/2012).
 
Recognition of the witnesses, said Wachyono, before the victims were shot, three types of Avanza one car number plate DS 1852, seen passing around Honay. "Shortly afterthe shooting," he continued.
 
Currently, the shooting victim was rushed to hospitals Dok II Jayapura to get further treatment.

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Posted in: Local